Using technology similar to that found in smartphone cameras, NASA scientists are developing upgraded sensors to reveal more details about black hole outbursts and exploding stars — all while being less power hungry and easier to mass produce than detectors used today.
“When you think about black holes actively shredding stars, or neutron stars exploding and creating really high-energy bursts of light, you are looking at the most extreme events in the universe,” said research astrophysicist Dr. Regina Caputo. “To observe these events, you need to look at the highest-energy form of light: gamma rays.
Caputo leads an instrument-development effort called AstroPix at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The silicon pixel sensors in AstroPix — still in development and testing — are reminiscent of the semiconductor sensors that allow smartphone cameras to be so small.
“Gamma rays are notoriously tricky to measure because of the way that the incoming particle interacts with your detector,” said Dr. Amanda Steinhebel, a NASA Postdoctoral Program fellow working with Caputo.
Gamma rays are wavelengths of light more energetic than ultraviolet and X rays, and their photons act more like particles than waves. “Instead of just being absorbed by a sensor like visible light,” Steinhebel said, “gamma rays bounce all around.”
Gamma-ray bursts are the most luminous explosions in the cosmos. Astronomers think most occur when the core of a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel, collapses under its own weight, and forms a black hole, as illustrated in this animation. The black hole then drives jets of particles that drill all the way through the collapsing star at nearly the speed of light. These jets pierce through the star, emitting X-rays and gamma rays (magenta) as they stream into space. They then plow into material surrounding the doomed star and produce a multiwavelength afterglow that gradually fades away. The closer to head-on we view one of these jets, the brighter it appears. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, which has studied the gamma-ray sky since 2008, solved the “bounce” problem in its main instrument by using towers of strip-shaped sensors. This table-sized cube, Fermi’s Large Area Telescope, was itself groundbreaking technology when the mission launched.
Each strip maps a gamma-ray strike in a single-dimension, while layers of strips oriented perpendicular to each other record the second dimension. Gamma rays generate a cascade of energetic strikes through multiple layers, providing a map pointing back to the source.
About the size of a golf bag, a space telescope instrument using AstroPix sensors would require half as many layers as the Fermi strip detector technology, Caputo said.
“It’s easier to tell exactly where particles interact,” Steinhebel said, “because you just identify the point in the grid that it interacted with. Then you use multiple layers to literally trace back the paths that particles took through it.”
AstroPix could record lower-energy gamma rays than current technology, Steinhebel explained, because these photons tend to get lost filtering through the multiple layers of a strip detector. Capturing them would provide more information about what happens during short-lived, energetic events. “These low-energy gamma rays are most common during peak burst brightness,” she explained.
The pixel detectors also consume less electricity to operate, Caputo said, a major upside for future missions planning out their power usage.
Pixelated silicon detectors have been proven in particle accelerator experiments, she said, and their common use and mass production for cell phones and digital cameras make them easier and less expensive to obtain.
Developing different prototypes over multiple years and seeing AstroPix create accurate plots of gamma-ray light has been exhilarating and extremely satisfying, Steinhebel said.
While the team continues to work on developing and improving their technology, Caputo said the next step would be to launch the technology on a short sounding rocket flight for further testing above Earth’s atmosphere.
They hope to benefit a future gamma-ray mission intended to further the study of high-energy universe events.
“We can do such cool science with this,” Caputo said. “I just want to see that happen.”
