A new simulation facility at the Planetary Spectroscopy Laboratory of the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) could help revolutionise our understanding of the hot, hidden surface of Venus. The Planetary Spectroscopy Laboratory (PSL) can analyse rock samples similar to those found on the surface of Venus at temperatures up to 1000 degrees Celsius, enabling researchers to interpret accurately data acquired by space missions and ground-based observations.
Although Venus is a similar size to Earth and sometimes called its twin planet, it is surrounded by a thick atmosphere of mainly carbon dioxide and clouds of sulphuric acid that make it very difficult to study the planet’s surface. Until recently, it was thought that a lander was needed to analyse the chemical composition of rocks on the ground.
“Landing on Venus is very challenging and no missions to the surface are currently planned,” said Dr. Jörn Helbert, who has led the development of the chamber. “Lately, planetary scientists have taken advantage of ‘spectral windows’ in Venus’s atmosphere that are transparent to certain wavelengths of infrared light to gather data on the surface remotely. However, there have been challenges in interpreting this data, as we haven’t had the lab-based measurements needed to validate the results.”
Because different chemical compounds emit radiation at specific electromagnetic wavelengths, every mineral has a unique ‘spectral fingerprint’ of emission lines. To interpret remote detections of these spectral fingerprints and determine which rocks are present, planetary scientists need reference catalogues showing emission lines acquired under conditions matching those on the surfaces being studied. For more than 40 years, scientists have attempted to take measurements under Venusian conditions to build up these libraries but, until now, with very little success.
The PSL, funded through the Europlanet 2020 Research Infrastructure, is located in a temperature-controlled room in the Institute for Planetary Research in Berlin. The new Venus chamber uses state-of-the art detectors and electronics, and innovative ceramic enclosures to block out background radiation that can drown out the spectral signals from samples at high temperatures.
Earth analogues for rocks on Venus include volcanic rocks, such as basalt from Spain and rhyolite from Italy, rocks that have undergone intense heating, such as granite from Norway, and iron-rich rocks such as haematite and magnetite.
The new facility has been used to analyse spectroscopic emissions by analogue rocks across the range of temperatures found on Venus, which average 462 degrees Celsius, and at all known atmospheric windows of Venus. Observations in six spectral windows using Venus Express’s Venus Monitoring Camera (VMC) and Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) instruments have revealed chemical variations that can be related to geological features on the surface of Venus. The measurements from PSL are now being used to validate and improve understanding of these Venus Express observations.
“The spectral databases that we are compiling with the PSL facility will enable researchers to revisit data from past missions, help plan for future missions and make new ground-based observations that will give us a much more accurate understanding of the surface of Venus,” said Dr. Helbert. “Earth’s twin planet is a fascinating place that we still know relatively little about. This chamber will enable to study surface of Venus remotely in a way that so far we thought was only possible with a lander.”
A call for applications is now open for researchers to obtain up to a week’s free access to the PSL and other Europlanet laboratory and field facilities, funded by the European Commission European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 654208. The closing date for applications is 1st March 2018.
High temperature setup at the Planetary Spectroscopy Laboratory (PSL) at DLR’s Institute for Planetary Research in Berlin. Credit: J. Helbert/DLR/Europlanet
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Dr. Helbert testing the Venus chamber at the Planetary Spectroscopy Laboratory (PSL) at DLR’s Institute for Planetary Research in Berlin. Credit: J. Helbert/DLR/Europlanet
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Comparison of a view inside the Venus chamber at a target temperature of 480°C. The image on the left shows the glow of the stainless steel cup necessary for the induction heating illuminating the whole chamber. The right image shows how the newly developed ceramic enclosures suppress the background radiation to obtain a good signal from the samples. Credit: J. Helbert/DLR/Europlanet
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Further Information:
“The Spectroscopy of the Surface of Venus,” J. Helbert et al., 2017, 15th Meeting of the Venus Exploration Analysis Group (VEXAG) [https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/vexag2017/pdf/8006.pdf].
Since 2005, Europlanet has provided Europe’s planetary science community with a platform to exchange ideas and personnel, share research tools, data and facilities, define key science goals for the future, and engage stakeholders, policy makers and European citizens with planetary science.
The Europlanet 2020 Research Infrastructure (RI) has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 654208 to provide access to state-of-the-art research facilities across the European Research Area and a mechanism to coordinate Europe’s planetary science community. The project builds on a €2 million Framework 6 Coordination Action and €6 million Framework 7 Research Infrastructure funded by the European Commission. The Europlanet collegial organisation, linked by a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), has a membership of over 90 research institutes and companies.
