Contact: Deborah Halber
Phone: 617-258-9276
Email: dhalber@mit.edu

CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — Pluto’s atmosphere is expanding even as it
continues on its long orbit away from the sun, a team of astronomers
from MIT, Boston University, Williams College, Pomona College, Lowell
Observatory and Cornell University report in the July 10 issue of
Nature.

The team, led by James Elliot, professor of planetary astronomy at
MIT and director of MIT’s Wallace Observatory, made this finding by
watching the dimming of a star when Pluto passed in front of it on
Aug. 20, 2002. The team carried out observations using eight
telescopes at Mauna Kea Observatory, Haleakala, Lick Observatory,
Lowell Observatory and Palomar Observatory.

Elliot said the new results seem counterintuitive, because observers
assumed Pluto’s atmosphere would begin to collapse as it cooled. In
fact, the temperature of Pluto’s mostly nitrogen atmosphere has
increased around 1 degree Celsius since it was closest to the sun in
1989.

Elliot attributes the increase to the same lag effect that we
experience on Earth — even though the sun is most intense at its
highest point at noon, the hottest part of the day is around 3 p.m.
Because Pluto’s year is equal to 248 Earth years, 14 years after
Pluto’s closest approach to the Sun is like 1:15 p.m. on Earth. At
the rate of Pluto’s orbit, it may take another 10 years to cool down
and will still be cooling when the NASA New Horizons mission to
Pluto, scheduled to be launched in 2006, reaches it in 2015.

Pluto’s predominantly nitrogen atmosphere is in vapor pressure
equilibrium with its surface ice, and can therefore undergo large
changes in pressure in response to small changes in surface ice
temperature. As its icy surface gets colder, it condenses into fresh
white frost that reflects more of the sun’s heat and gets colder
still. As space dirt and objects collect on its surface, it darkens
and absorbs more heat, accelerating the warming effect. Pluto has
been darkening since 1954.

“The August 2002 data have allowed us to probe much more deeply into
Pluto’s atmosphere and have given us a more accurate picture of the
changes that have occurred,” Elliot said.

Pluto’s orbit is much more elliptical than that of the other planets,
and its rotational axis is tipped by a large angle relative to its
orbit. Both factors could contribute to drastic seasonal changes.

Since 1989, for example, the sun’s position in Pluto’s sky has
changed by more than the corresponding change on the Earth that
causes the difference between winter and spring. Pluto’s atmospheric
temperature varies between around -235 and -170 degrees Celsius,
depending on the altitude above the surface.

Pluto has nitrogen ice on its surface that can evaporate into the
atmosphere when it gets warmer, causing an increase in surface
pressure. If the observed increase in the atmosphere also applies to
the surface pressure — which is likely the case — this means that
the average surface temperature of the nitrogen ice on Pluto has
increased slightly more than 1 degree Celsius over the past 14 years.

STUDYING ATMOSPHERES WITH SHADOWS

Researchers study faraway objects through occultations —
eclipse-like events in which a body (Pluto in this case) passes in
front of a star, blocking the star’s light from view. By recording
the dimming of the starlight over time, astronomers can calculate the
density, pressure and temperature of Pluto’s atmosphere.

Observing two or more occultations at different times provides
researchers with information about changes in the planet’s
atmosphere. The structure and temperature of Pluto’s atmosphere was
first determined during an occultation in 1988. Pluto’s brief pass in
front of a different star on July 19 led researchers to believe that
a drastic atmospheric change was under way, but it was unclear
whether the atmosphere was warming or cooling.

The data resulting from this occultation, when Pluto passed in front
of a star known as P131.1, led to the current results. “This is the
first time that an occultation has allowed us to probe so deeply into
Pluto’s atmosphere with a large telescope, which gives a high spatial
resolution of a few kilometers,” Elliot said. He hopes to use this
method to study Pluto and the Kuiper Belt objects more frequently in
the future.

MISSION TO PLUTO

NASA recently authorized the New Horizons Pluto-Kuiper Belt mission
to start building spacecraft and ground systems. The mission will be
the first to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt. Richard P. Binzel, professor
of earth, atmospheric and planetary sciences (EAPS) at MIT, is
co-investigator.

The New Horizons spacecraft is scheduled to launch in January 2006,
swing past Jupiter for a gravity boost and scientific studies in
2007, and reach Pluto and its moon, Charon, as early as summer 2015.
Pluto is the only planet not yet observed at close range. This
mission will seek to answer questions about the surfaces,
atmospheres, interiors and space environments of the solar system’s
outermost planet and its moon.

In the meantime, researchers hope to use SOFIA, a 2.5-meter telescope
mounted in an aircraft being built by NASA in collaboration with the
German space agency, starting in 2005. SOFIA would be able to be sent
to the right location around the globe to best observe occultations,
providing high-quality data on a much more frequent basis than is
possible using ground-based telescopes alone.

In addition to Elliot, MIT co-authors are recent physics graduate
Kelly B. Clancy; EAPS graduate students Susan D. Kern and Michael J.
Person, recent MIT graduate Colette V. Salyk; and aeronautics and
astronautics senior Jing Jing Qu.

This work is funded by Research Corp., the Southwest Research
Institute, the National Science Foundation and NASA.

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