A team of European astronomers has discovered that many stars in the vicinity of the Sun have unusual motions caused by the spiral arms of our galaxy, the Milky Way. According to this research, based on data from ESA’s Hipparcos observatory, our stellar neighbourhood is the crossroads of streams of stars coming from several directions. Some of the stars hosting planetary systems could be immigrants from more central regions of the Milky Way.
Artist’s impression of our galaxy, the Milky Way, an aggregate of thousands of millions of stars. The spiral arms are clearly visible. They are regions of enhanced density of stars and gas. The Sun is located near the edge of one arm, about half-way from the galactic centre. Spiral arms can impart a kick on stars orbiting close to them. These stars are then forced unto streams running inwards or outwards, whereas the bulk of stars in the Milky Way move in circular orbits around the galactic centre. Using data from ESA’s Hipparcos satellite, astronomers have now identified three such streams, reaching into the solar neighbourhood. Credits: S. Kerroudj, B. Famaey & A. Jorissen (Université Libre de Bruxelles)
The Sun and most stars near it follow an orderly, almost circular orbit around the centre of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Using data from ESA’s Hipparcos satellite, a team of European astronomers has now discovered several groups of ‘rebel’ stars that move in peculiar directions, mostly towards the galactic centre or away from it, running like the spokes of a wheel. These rebels account for about 20% of the stars within 1000 light-years of the Sun, itself located about 25 000 light-years away from the centre of the Milky Way.
The data show that rebels in the same group have little to do with each other. They have different ages so, according to scientists, they cannot have formed at the same time nor in the same place. Instead, they must have been forced together. “They resemble casual travel companions more than family members,” said Dr Benoit Famaey, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
Famaey and his colleagues believe that the cause forcing the rebel stars together on their unusual trajectory is a ‘kick’ received from one of the Milky Way’s spiral arms. The spiral arms are not solid structures but rather regions of higher density of gas and stars, called ‘density waves’ and similar to traffic hot-spots along the motorway. An approaching density wave compresses the gas it encounters and favours the birth of new stars, but it can also affect pre-existing stars by deflecting their motion. After the wave has passed, many stars will thus travel together in a stream, all in the same direction, even though they were originally on different trajectories or not even born.
This research has shown that the neighbourhood of the Sun is a crossroads of many streams, made up of stars with different origins and chemical composition. These streams could also account for many of the stars with planetary systems recently discovered near the Sun.
Astronomers know that stars with planetary systems preferentially form in dense gas clouds with a high metal content, such as those located in the more central regions of the Milky Way. The streams discovered by Hipparcos could be the mechanism that brought them closer to the Sun. As Famaey explains, “If these stars are kicked by a spiral arm, they can be displaced thousands of light-years away from their birthplace.” These stars, together with their planets, can thus have migrated closer to the Sun.
To learn more about the structure of our Milky Way, an aggregate of thousands of millions of stars, astronomers look at the way in which stars stay together in a coherent way or move with respect to the Sun and relative to one another. During its four-year mission, ESA’s Hipparcos satellite has measured the distance and motion of more than a hundred thousand stars within a 1000 light-years of the Sun. However, while Hipparcos’s data show in which directions stars are moving on the sky, they cannot tell whether stars are coming towards us or going away from us.
By combining the Hipparcos data with ground-based measurements of their ‘Doppler shift’, obtained with a Swiss telescope at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France, Famaey and his colleagues could add the missing third dimension, namely the speed with which stars approach us or recede from us. Because of the Doppler shift, the colour of a star appears to change when it travels towards us or away from us, becoming respectively bluer or redder and giving astronomers information about its motion. “By combining all these first-class data, we now have a comprehensive, three-dimensional view of how nearby stars move about us,” said Famaey.
Scientists now wonder how widespread are the streams discovered by Famaey’s team and what role they could play in the evolution of our galaxy. “This result opens up exciting new prospects for our understanding of the dynamics of the Milky Way,” said Dr Michael Perryman, ESA Hipparcos and Gaia project scientist. ESA’s forthcoming mission Gaia, scheduled for launch in 2011, will make it possible to extend this investigation over a much wider region of our galaxy. Gaia will observe more than a thousand million stars and will measure their motion in all three dimensions simultaneously, thanks to the on-board spectrograph providing information on their Doppler shift. “This will give us the clearest view ever of the structure and evolution of the Milky Way,” Perryman said.
Notes for editors
These results are the subject of a paper published this month in the European journal Astronomy & Astrophysics. Besides Benoit Famaey, the list of authors includes Alain Jorissen, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Xavier Luri, University of Barcelona, Spain; Michel Mayor and Stéphane Udry, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Herwig Dejonghe, Ghent University, Belgium; Catherine Turon, Observatory of Paris-Meudon, France. The paper, entitled “Local kinematics of K and M giants from CORAVEL/Hipparcos/Tycho-2 data. Revisiting the concept of superclusters” can be found at this address:
http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/aa/pdf/press-releases/PRAA200409.pdf
More about Hipparcos
ESA’s Hipparcos pinpointed the positions of more than one hundred thousand stars, two hundred times more accurately than ever before. It was launched in 1989 on an Ariane-4 rocket and completed its mission four years later in 1993. Hipparcos data helped predict the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994 and showed that the Universe was bigger and younger than expected. The work of Hipparcos will be refined and extended by ESA’s Gaia mission.
For more information about Hipparcos please see:
Scientific and Technical Hipparcos information
More about Gaia
ESA’s Gaia mission will map one thousand million stars in our galaxy to unprecedented levels of precision. It will monitor each of its target stars about 100 times over a five-year period, precisely charting their motions and changes in brightness. Gaia will be launched on a Russian Soyuz-Fregat in mid 2011. It is expected to discover hundreds of thousands of new celestial objects, such as extrasolar planets and failed stars called brown dwarfs. Within our own Solar System, Gaia should identify up to a million asteroids and comets.
For more information about Gaia please see:
Scientific and Technical Gaia information
For more information please contact:
Benoit Famaey
Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Brussels, Belgium
Tel: +44 1865 273986 (presently at the University of Oxford, UK)
E-mail: bfamaey @ astro.ulb.ac.be
Alain Jorissen
Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Brussels, Belgium
Tel: +32 2 650 2834
E-mail: ajorisse @ astro.ulb.ac.be
Michael Perryman
ESA Hipparcos and Gaia Project Scientist
European Space Agency
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 71 565 3833
Irina Bruckner
ESA Science Communications Office
European Space Agency
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 71 565 3273
E-mail: ibruckne @ esa.int
ESA Media Relations Division
European Space Agency
Paris, France
Tel: +33 1 5369 7155
Fax: +33 1 5369 7690
