Solar Physicists at the Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College
London (MSSL-UCL) have discovered new clues to understanding explosions on
the Sun.

Coronal mass ejections are violent explosions that can fling electrified gas
[plasma] with a mass greater than Mount Everest towards the Earth with
destructive consequences for satellites. They can originate from active
regions on the Sun, long known to consist of forests of loops filled with
plasma. These active loops are roughly 50,000 km in size. However, active
regions on either side of the solar disk are frequently connected by giant
loops, which can bridge the Sun’s equator. These loops have long been
thought of as the gentle giants of the Sun, but in a paper to be published
early this year in the journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, the
researchers describe the explosive characteristics of these giants.

An example of a giant loop can clearly be seen in the figure where the width
of the arrow represents the size of the Earth. These giant loops of plasma
are 450,000 km long – large enough to engulf 40 Earths. If Concorde could
fly along one of these loops, it would take nearly 9 days to complete the
journey!

Coronal mass ejections are violent explosions that cause all sorts of
effects from the destruction of satellites, to the creation of the aurora.
These effects are commonly referred to as ‘space weather’. Using data taken
by the Yohkoh and SOHO satellites studying the Sun, the scientists analysed
the giant loops to see how frequently they erupt. In the past only one
eruption had been observed and so they have been considered the gentle
giants of the Sun that do not explode. The researchers found that not only
can these huge structures be thrown away from the Sun, but they can also be
heated up by a factor of 5, to temperatures of 14 thousand times the
temperature of boiling water. They investigated how the loops explode, and
it was
found that the longer the loop, the more likely it is to erupt – so these
are culprits to watch more carefully in the future!

Alexi Glover, part of the space weather team at the European Space Agency
[ESA], explains, “These huge loops have been observed for many years – but
their connection with coronal mass ejections is only just being understood.
In the future we hope to be able to predict coronal mass ejections before
they take place, and step by step we are heading towards that goal.”

Because of our increasing reliance on communication and navigation
satellites for TV, GPS and national and international security, it is vital
that we understand how the Sun can release these explosions.

Dr. Louise Harra of MSSL-UCL says, “Space weather is a rapidly developing
field, and a vital key to progress is by understanding in detail the physics
of Sun. The UK plays a leading role in solar physics and these new results
are helping us make substantial advancements in our understanding of these
beautiful, but potentially hazardous, coronal mass ejections.”

Images:
Images are available to download from the PPARC website at
http://www.pparc.ac.uk/Nw/Press/giant_loops.asp

Figure 1 shows the soft x-ray image of the loop. Image taken by Yohkoh, a
collaborative mission between Japan, the United Kingdom and the USA.
Copyright Yohkoh team.
Figure 2 shows the loop as it erupts into space as a coronal mass ejection.
Image taken by the SOHO satellite, a project of international collaboration
between ESA and NASA. Copyright ESA/NASA.
Figure 3 shows an artist’s impression of the SOHO craft orbiting the Sun.
Copyright ESA.

Contact Details:

Dr Louise Harra
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, UCL
Tel: 44 (0) 1483 204141
Fax: 44 (0) 1483 278312
Email: lkh@mssl.ucl.ac.uk

Alexi Glover
TOS-EMA
ESA/ESTEC
Keplerlaan, 1
Postbus 299
2200 AG, Noordwijk
Alexi.Glover@esa.int

Julia Maddock
Press Officer, PPARC
Tel: 01793 442094
Email: julia.maddock@pparc.ac.uk

Notes for editors:

The Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) is the UK’s
strategic science investment agency. It funds research, education and public
understanding in four areas of science – particle physics, astronomy,
cosmology and space science.

PPARC is government funded and provides research grants and studentships to
scientists in British universities, gives researchers access to world-class
facilities and funds the UK membership of international bodies such as the
European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), and the European Space
Agency. It also contributes money for the UK telescopes overseas on La
Palma, Hawaii, Australia and in Chile, the UK Astronomy Technology Centre at
the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh and the MERLIN/VLBI National Facility,
which includes the Lovell Telescope at Jodrell Bank observatory.

PPARC’s Public Understanding of Science and Technology Awards Scheme funds
both small local projects and national initiatives aimed at improving public
understanding of its areas of science.