The long-held perspective that comets
are pristine remnants from the formation of the solar system has evolved
from the prevailing views of 30 years ago, finds planetary scientist Dr. S.
Alan Stern in a paper published in the journal Nature.
“It’s fair to say that a sea change has taken place,” says Stern, director
of the Space Studies Department in the SwRI Space Science and Engineering
Division. “We used to consider comets as wholly unchanged relics that had
been stored ever since the era of solar system formation in a distant, cold,
timeless deep freeze called the Oort cloud. We now appreciate that a variety
of processes slowly modify comets during their storage there,” he says. “As
a result, it’s become clear that the Oort cloud and its cousin the Kuiper
Belt are not such perfect deep freezes.”
The first evolutionary process to be recognized as affecting comets during
their long storage was radiation damage, followed by the discovery that
sandblasting from dust grains in the interstellar medium plays an important
role. Next, researchers theorized that comets in the Oort cloud are heated
to scientifically significant temperatures by passing stars and supernovae,
says Stern. More recently, researchers are finding that comets in the Kuiper
Belt are heavily damaged by collisions.
“It also now seems inevitable that most comets from the Kuiper Belt, though
constructed of ancient material, cannot themselves be ancient — instead
they must be ‘recently’ created chips off larger Kuiper Belt Objects, formed
as a result of violent impacts,” says Stern. “This is truly a paradigm
shift. Many of the short-period comets we see aren’t even ancient!”
The classical view that comets do not evolve while they are stored far from
the sun in the Oort cloud and Kuiper Belt began to change as far back as the
1970s, but the pace of discoveries about the way comets evolve picked up
considerably in the 1980s and 1990s.
As a result of these findings, astronomers now better appreciate that
comets, though still the most pristine bodies known, have been modified in
several important ways since their birth, says Stern.
The realization that comets evolve during their long storage in the Oort
cloud and Kuiper Belt provides insight and context to more confidently
evaluate the results of astronomical and space mission observations of
comets. So, too, it suggests that cometary sample return missions now on the
drawing board for NASA should employ relatively deep subsurface sampling if
truly pristine, ancient material is to be collected.
