WASHINGTON – New technologies are enabling scientists to determine precisely the extent and causes of Earth’s short-term wobbling. Like a spinning top, Earth wobbles as it rotates on its axis. In fact, it displays many different wobbling motions, ranging in period from a few minutes to billions of years. Some of these are well studied, like the Chandler wobble of 433 days and the annual wobble, which together can tilt Earth’s axis up to 10 meters [30 feet] from its nominal center.
Earth’s irregular, shorter term wobbles, lasting a week or so, have been more difficult to study, partly because these motions are usually masked by those of more prominent wobbles. Now, scientists in Belgium and France have taken advantage of a quirk in the pattern of large-scale motions and the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS) to pin down short-term wobbles that occurred from November 2005 through February 2006.
During this period, the Chandler wobble and the annual wobble essentially cancelled each other out, an event that occurs every 6.4 years, allowing the researchers to focus on the short-period wobbles. Over these three and a half months, the pole position traced small loops, ranging in size from that of a sheet of A4 [8-1/2×11 inch] paper down to that of a cell phone, and it remained within a one meter [yard] square during these four months.
Sebastien Lambert of the Royal Observatory of Belgium and colleagues there and at the Paris Observatory took advantage of the opportunity to track short-term wobbles, using newly available GPS data that establish the location of the poles precisely. They then sought to determine why these motions occurred when they did.
In a paper scheduled to be published 1 July in Geophysical Research Letters, they conclude that weather patterns in the northern hemisphere played a significant role. Both the location of high- or low-pressure centers–for example, over Asia or northern Europe–and the relationship of these weather systems to each other played a measurable role in creating, or “exciting,” small, short-term wobbles, they report.
The ocean also affects short-term wobbles, according to Lambert and his colleagues. They were able to correlate oceanic and atmospheric pressure variations with the small observed wobbles during the study period. Although these forces had been credited by previous researchers with maintaining the large Chandler wobble, this was the first time that scientists have been able to demonstrate that day-to-day changes in atmospheric pressure produce a measurable effect on Earth’s rotation.
The study was funded by the Belgian Science Policy Office, the Royal Observatory of Belgium, and the Paris Observatory.
Figure caption: Motion of the North Pole, as determined by the IERS Earth Orientation Parameter Center of the Paris Observatory, for the study period, 1 November 2005 to 14 February 2006. Each marker represents the position of the pole on one day. Five loops are identified. Never before have these small polar movements been traced with such precision.
A figure illustrating polar motion during the study period is available at http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/prrl/figures/0622fig1.pdf. It is adapted from Figure 1 of the Lambert et al. paper, with milliarcseconds (mas) in the paper replaced by centimeters (cm). On Earth’s surface, one milliarcsecond equals about three centimeters [1.2 inches]. This figure can easily be reproduced life-sized, in whole or in part, showing the actual extent of the observed polar wobble.
[Note: Regarding the Chandler wobble, see AGU press release 02-21 of 17 July 2000: http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/prrl/prrl0021.html]
