Berkeley — When University of California, Berkeley, astrophysicist George Smoot received the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics a year ago, his dreams for spending his $700,000 share of the prize ran far beyond purchasing a sporty car or a new home.

Instead, he wanted to create a lasting center where he and other scientists – in particular, young postdoctoral researchers – could tackle cosmic questions whose solutions would be worthy of future Nobel Prizes.

That dream, the Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics (http://bccp.lbl.gov/), has now become reality, with a $500,000 endowment gift from Smoot and additional gifts totaling $8.1 million. These gifts include $1.5 million from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and $5.5 million in private gifts and other support for endowed chairs at the center and for postdoctoral and graduate student support. UC Berkeley physics professor Saul Perlmutter, who, like Smoot, is also a researcher at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), has also contributed to the center, using a portion of his 2007 Gruber Cosmology Prize to seed a fund for future research that, with the addition of other funds, will total approximately $600,000.

The recently-announced Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant will provide the core operating support for the next three years to insure a successful launch of the center and to support its most important assets: the highly qualified postdoctoral students, graduate students, faculty and staff who will build this center of excellence.

Smoot, the center’s director, and UC Berkeley plan to raise at least $4 or 5 million in endowment on top of this $8.1 million to ensure an ongoing center with resident postdoctoral fellows and scholars at UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab, an active visitors program, educational outreach to K-12 science teachers and several collaborative international workshops on cosmology each year.

“It’s an exciting time in cosmology when we are making breakthroughs that are tremendous intellectual achievements, and I really believe we have to prepare the next generation to follow in our shoes,” said Smoot, a UC Berkeley professor of physics. These breakthroughs include the discovery of the seeds of today’s galaxies in the infant universe, for which Smoot won the Nobel Prize; the more recent discovery that a mysterious “dark energy” is accelerating the expansion of the universe; and the realization that an enigmatic “dark matter” determines the large-scale structure of the universe.

“The center has the potential to excite the public and bring in the next generation of observational cosmologists and theorists,” he added. “To me, it’s a kind of legacy, but one I can participate in. It will be fun coming in to work.”

The money has already allowed the center to hire two new postdoctoral fellows, who arrived this fall, and to advertise for two more fellows for fall 2008. In July, the center hosted its first workshop, “Physics In and Through Cosmology,” at Berkeley Lab for high school teachers and students. And the center’s first annual international winter cosmology workshop, co-sponsored by the newly-created Institute of Advanced Cosmology at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, is planned for January 2009 in Mexico.

Nearly 50 UC Berkeley, Berkeley Lab and visiting scientists have joined the center, along with nearly 20 postdoctoral fellows and a dozen graduate students.

“A center is really important in order to create a productive scientific environment,” said theoretical astrophysicist Hitoshi Murayama, UC Berkeley professor of physics and one of the center’s three deputy directors. “We really need to have an atmosphere where there’s always something brewing, where people come in and talk to each other – that is the way new ideas emerge and the way science moves forward.”

“We have such a huge and wide array of talented people in astronomy and physics, both on campus and up at the lab, and we’ve been dying for a cosmology center to draw everyone together,” said theoretical cosmologist Chung-Pei Ma, UC Berkeley professor of astronomy and another deputy director of the new center. “I’m glad George is able to kick-start it.”

Smoot shared the 2006 physics Nobel with John C. Mather, a NASA scientist who collaborated with Smoot on the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite, which was launched in 1989 to study the radiation emitted by the early universe only 300,000 years after its birth 13.7 billion years ago. Mather confirmed that the microwave background radiation, a low-temperature glow amidst the brighter glow of stars and galaxies, matched perfectly the spectrum of colors that astronomers predicted if the universe formed in a cosmic explosion called the Big Bang.

Smoot’s instruments aboard COBE went even further, measuring the minute fluctuations in the microwave glow across the sky. These fluctuations, equivalent to 10 millionths of a degree variation in the 2.7 degree Kelvin temperature of the microwave background, betrayed slight variations in density of the early universe that grew over billions of years into the clusters of galaxies we see today.

Since then, the era of “precision cosmology” has blossomed, with balloon experiments such as MAXIMA (Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array) and BOOMERANG (Balloon Observations Of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation and Geophysics) and satellites such as the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) confirming COBE’s findings and providing more detail on conditions in the early universe. UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab played a key role in both the MAXIMA and BOOMERANG experiments. Smoot is a partner on another satellite, Planck, that will be launched in 2008 by the European Space Agency to study the universe’s “first light” in even greater detail.

Meanwhile, Perlmutter developed a new technique to find and study supernovas in the distant universe and found evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, rather than slowing, as might be expected after its birth in the Big Bang. This startling finding, reported simultaneously by Perlmutter’s group and another group involving UC Berkeley astronomers, implies a “dark energy” permeating the universe about which scientists had no inkling.

Perlmutter shared the 2007 Gruber Cosmology Prize, among other honors, for this discovery. Currently, he is co-leading an international group of scientists proposing a SuperNova/Acceleration Probe (SNAP) to explore the history of the universe’s expansion and hopefully discover what dark energy is all about.

“The first decade of this century is the first period in human history when the ideas from theorists and the technologies have come together to let experimentalists make precise measurements that can address such deep questions, and Berkeley is the home of so many of those developments, both on the theory side and the experimental techniques side,” Perlmutter said. “Berkeley has always been a very fertile source for much of these ideas and discoveries, and it’s great to now recognize that in the form of a new center.”

Thanks to these experiments and others, theorists will soon have new data to test their hypotheses about dark matter and dark energy, and the grand unified theories, or GUTs, that link the quantum world of interacting subatomic particles to the gravitational world of interacting stars and galaxies.

“As data comes in and gets more and more precise, it starts to squeeze the theory,” allowing scientists to home in on theories that best explain nature, said Murayama.

Smoot hopes that the new center will become a place where observational cosmologists like himself, phenomenologists like Ma and theorists like Murayama come together with observers to solve the big questions of 21st century cosmology. These questions include whether the fundamental constants of nature, such as the gravitational constant and the fine structure constant, vary over time; whether and how inflation happened a split-second after the Big Bang; and why the universe has more matter than antimatter. Then there is Smoot’s own search for cosmic strings, which are proposed relics of the Big Bang; and the search for extra dimensions beyond the well-known spacetime four.

“Berkeley has a unique combination of people and projects that span from the earliest epochs to the present, both in theory and observations,” said Smoot. “Berkeley has been the pioneer and leader in this area, and could continue to be with the center in place.”

###

NOTE: George Smoot can be reached 1-510-486-5505 or gfsmoot@lbl.gov. Saul Perlmutter is at 1-510-486-5203 or saul@lbl.gov. Hitoshi Murayama can be reached at 1-510-642-1019 or murayama@physics.berkeley.edu. Chung-Pei Ma is at 1-510- 642-4850 or cpma@berkeley.edu