New research by an astrophysicist at The University of Texas at Dallas provides revelations about the most energetic event in the universe — the merging of two spinning, orbiting black holes into a much larger black hole.
The work by Dr. Michael Kesden, assistant professor of physics at UT Dallas, and his colleagues provides for the first time solutions to decades-old equations that describe conditions as two black holes in a binary system orbit one another and spiral in toward collision.
The research is available online and in the Feb. 27 issue of the journal Physical Review Letters.
Kesden, who this month was selected as a 2015 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellow, said the solutions should significantly impact not only the study of black holes, but also the search for gravitational waves in the cosmos. Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity predicts that two massive objects orbiting in a binary system should move closer together as the system emits a type of radiation called gravitational waves.
“An accelerating charge, like an electron, produces electromagnetic radiation, including visible light waves. Similarly, any time you have an accelerating mass, you can produce gravitational waves,” Kesden said.
“In a binary black hole system, where you have two massive objects orbiting each other and exerting forces on each other, they are accelerating and emitting gravitational waves. The energy lost to gravitational waves causes the black holes to spiral closer and closer together until they merge, which is the most energetic event in the universe.
“That energy, rather than going out as visible light, which is easy to see, goes out as gravitational waves, which are very weak and much more difficult to detect.”
While Einstein’s theories predict the existence of gravitational waves, they have not been directly detected. But the ability to “see” gravitational waves would open up a new window to view and study the universe.
Optical telescopes can capture photos of visible objects, such as stars and planets, and radio and infrared telescopes can reveal additional information about invisible energetic events. Gravitational waves would provide yet another medium through which to examine astrophysical phenomena, Kesden said.
“Using gravitational waves as an observational tool, you could learn about the characteristics of the black holes that were emitting those waves billions of years ago, information such as their masses and mass ratios,” Kesden said. “That’s important data for more fully understanding the evolution and nature of the universe.”
This year, a large-scale physics experiment called the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) aims to be the first to directly detect gravitational waves. LIGO is the largest project funded by the National Science Foundation.
“The equations that we solved will help predict the characteristics of the gravitational waves that LIGO would expect to see from binary black hole mergers,” Kesden said. “We’re looking forward to comparing our solutions to the data that LIGO collects.”
The equations Kesden solved deal specifically with the spin angular momentum of binary black holes and a phenomenon called precession.
Angular momentum is a measure of the amount of rotation a spinning object has. Spin angular momentum not only includes the speed at which an object rotates, but also the direction in which that spin points. For a simple object like a spinning figure skater, the direction of angular momentum would point up.
Another type of angular momentum, called orbital angular momentum, applies to a system in which objects are in orbit about one another. Orbital angular momentum also has a magnitude and a direction.
In an astrophysical setting like a binary black hole system, the directions of the individual types of angular momenta change, or precess, over time.
“In these systems, you have three angular momenta, all changing direction with respect to the plane of the orbit — the two spin angular momenta and the one orbital angular momentum,” Kesden said. “The solutions that we now have describe the orientations of the precessing black hole spins.”
In addition to solving existing equations, Kesden also derived equations that will allow scientists to statistically track spin precession from black hole formation to merger far more efficiently and quickly.
“We can do it millions of times faster than was previously possible,” he said. “With these solutions, we can create computer simulations that follow black hole evolution over billions of years. A simulation that previously would have taken years can now be done in seconds. But it’s not just faster — there are things that we can learn from these simulations that we just couldn’t learn any other way.”
Researchers from the University of Cambridge, the Rochester Institute of Technology and the University of Mississippi also contributed to the Physical Review Letters paper. The researchers were supported in part by the National Science Foundation and UT Dallas.
