MARS POLAR LANDER, DEEP SPACE 2 SET FOR ARRIVAL
NASA returns to the surface of Mars on December 3 with a spacecraft that
will land on the frigid, windswept steppe near the edge of Mars’ south polar
cap. Piggybacking on the lander are two small probes that will smash into
the Martian surface to test new technologies.
The lander mission is the second installment in NASA’s long-term program of
robotic exploration of Mars, which was initiated with the 1996 launches of
the currently orbiting Mars Global Surveyor and the Mars Pathfinder lander
and rover, and included the recently lost Mars Climate Orbiter.
Mars Polar Lander will advance our understanding of Mars’ current water
resources by digging into the enigmatic layered terrain near one of its
poles for the first time. Instruments on the lander will analyze surface
materials, frost, weather patterns and interactions between the surface and
atmosphere to better understand how the climate of Mars has changed over
time.
Polar Lander carries a pair of basketball-sized microprobes that will be
released as the lander approaches Mars and dive toward the planet’s surface,
penetrating up to about 3 feet (1 meter) underground to test 10 new
technologies, including a science instrument to search for traces of water
ice. The microprobe project, called Deep Space 2, is part of NASA’s New
Millennium Program.
A key scientific objective of the two missions is to determine how the
climate of Mars has changed over time and where water, in particular,
resides on Mars today. Water once flowed on Mars, but where did it go? Clues
may be found in the geologic record provided by the polar layered terrain,
whose alternating bands of color seem to contain different mixtures of dust
and ice. Like growth rings of trees, these layered geological bands may help
reveal the secret past of climate change on Mars and help determine whether
it was driven by a catastrophic change, episodic variations or merely a
gradual evolution in the planet’s environment.
Today the Martian atmosphere is so thin and cold that it does not rain;
liquid water does not last on the surface, but quickly freezes into ice or
evaporates into the atmosphere. The temporary polar frosts which advance and
retreat with the seasons are made mostly of condensed carbon dioxide, the
major constituent of the Martian atmosphere. But the planet also hosts both
water-ice clouds and dust storms, the latter ranging in scale from local to
global. If typical amounts of atmospheric dust and water were concentrated
today in the polar regions, they might deposit a fine layer every year, so
that the top yard (or meter) of the polar layered terrains could be a
well-preserved record showing 100,000 years of Martian geology and
climatology.
The lander and microprobes will arrive December 3, 1999. They are aimed
toward a target sector within the edge of the layered terrain near Mars’
south pole. The exact landing site coordinates were selected in August 1999,
based on images and altimeter data from the currently orbiting Mars Global
Surveyor.
Like Mars Pathfinder, Polar Lander will dive directly into the Martian
atmosphere, using an aeroshell and parachute scaled down from Pathfinder’s
design to slow its initial descent. The smaller Polar Lander will not use
airbags, but instead will rely on onboard guidance and retro-rockets to land
softly on the layered terrain near the south polar cap a few weeks after the
seasonal carbon dioxide frosts have disappeared. After the heat shield is
jettisoned, a camera will take a series of pictures of the landing site as
the spacecraft descends. These are recorded onboard and transmitted to Earth
after landing.
As the lander approaches Mars about 10 minutes before touchdown, the two
Deep Space 2 microprobes are released. Once released, the projectiles will
collect atmospheric data before they crash at about 400 miles per hour (200
meters per second) and bury themselves beneath the Martian surface. The
microprobes will test the ability of very small spacecraft to deploy future
instruments for soil sampling, meteorology and seismic monitoring. A key
instrument will draw a tiny soil sample into a chamber, heat it and use a
miniature laser to look for signs of vaporized water ice.
About 35 miles (60 kilometers) away from the microprobe impact sites, Mars
Polar Lander will dig into the top of the terrain using a 6-1/2-foot-long
(2-meter) robotic arm. A camera mounted on the robotic arm will image the
walls of the trench, viewing the texture of the surface material and looking
for fine-scale layering. The robotic arm will also deliver soil samples to a
thermal and evolved gas analyzer, an instrument that will heat the samples
to detect water and carbon dioxide. An onboard weather station will take
daily readings of wind temperature and pressure, and seek traces of water
vapor. A stereo imager perched atop a 5-foot (1.5-meter) mast will
photograph the landscape surrounding the spacecraft. All of these
instruments are part of an integrated science payload called the Mars
Volatiles and Climate Surveyor.
Also onboard the lander is a light detection and ranging (lidar) experiment
provided by Russia’s Space Research Institute. The instrument will detect
and determine the altitude of atmospheric dust hazes and ice clouds above
the lander. Inside the instrument is a small microphone, furnished by the
Planetary Society, Pasadena, CA, which will record the sounds of wind gusts,
blowing dust and mechanical operations onboard the spacecraft itself.
The lander is expected to operate on the surface for 60 to 90 Martian days
through the planet’s southern summer (a Martian day is 24 hours, 37
minutes). The mission will continue until the spacecraft can no longer
protect itself from the cold and dark of lengthening nights and the return
of the Martian seasonal polar frosts.
Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 are managed by the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory for NASA’s Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. Lockheed
Martin Astronautics Inc., Denver, CO, is the agency’s industrial partner for
development and operation of the orbiter and lander spacecraft. JPL designed
and built the Deep Space 2 microprobes. JPL is a division of the California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.
