Five years ago, astronomers knew almost nothing about Gamma Ray Bursts. Now,
a team of observers using the National Science Foundation’s Very Large Array
(VLA) radio telescope has used a gamma-ray burst as a powerful tool to unveil
the nature of the galaxy in which it occurred, more than 7 billion light-
years away.

“We believe that gamma-ray bursts may become one of the best available tools
for studying the history of star formation in the universe,” said Edo Berger,
a graduate student at Caltech. Berger worked with Caltech astronomy professor
Shri Kulkarni and Dale Frail, an astronomer at the National Radio Astronomy
Observatory (NRAO) in Socorro, New Mexico, to study a gamma-ray burst first
seen on July 3, 1998. The astronomers presented their results today at the
American Astronomical Society’s meeting in Pasadena, CA.

“For the first time, we’ve seen the host galaxy of a gamma-ray burst with a
radio telescope,” Berger said. “Previously, gamma-ray-burst host galaxies
have been seen with optical telescopes, but detecting this galaxy with
a radio telescope has given us new clues about the nature of the galaxy
itself — clues we couldn’t have gotten any other way,” he added.

For example, based on optical-telescope studies, astronomers estimated that
new stars are forming in the host galaxy at the rate of about the mass
equivalent of 20 suns per year. However, data from the radio observations
show that the actual star-formation rate is 25 times greater — the mass
equivalent of 500 suns per year.

“With the VLA, we are seeing the entire region of star formation in this
galaxy, including the areas so dusty that visible light can’t get out,”
said Frail.

Gamma-ray bursts are the most powerful explosions since the Big Bang. First
discovered in 1967 by a satellite launched to monitor compliance with the
atmospheric nuclear test ban treaty, gamma-ray bursts remained one of
astronomy’s premier mysteries for 30 years. For three decades, astronomers
debated whether the explosions were close, in our own Milky Way Galaxy, or
far, in distant galaxies. In addition, a plethora of theories attempted to
explain the bursts, but a lack of observational data prevented scientists
from choosing among the theories.

Optical and radio telescopes first spotted the “afterglows” from gamma-ray
bursts in 1997. It was quickly determined that the explosions are occurring
in very distant galaxies. Subsequent observations, most astronomers believe,
have narrowed the theories down to two: either the explosions are the
result of pairs of old, superdense neutron stars colliding with each other
or are the death throes of young, very massive stars.

“This burst in 1998 came from a region near the center of its host galaxy,
where star birth is occuring at a rapid rate. This supports the theory that
gamma-ray bursts come from the death explosions of very young, massive
stars,” said Kulkarni.

The burst, known as GRB 980703, was detected by a satellite on July 3, 1998,
and the VLA first observed it a day later. The astronomers continued to
observe the object with the VLA at intervals over the next 1,000 days. This
is the longest period over which a gamma-ray-burst afterglow ever has been
observed; the previous record-holder was a burst in 1997 that was followed
with the VLA for a period of 445 days.

“The afterglow of the burst kept getting fainter with time, but we then
noticed that the intensity of radio emission was leveling off. We realized
that the burst afterglow was still fading, but what was remaining steady
was radio emission from the galaxy itself,” Berger said.

This allowed the scientists to study the characteristics of the galaxy, and
of the region within the galaxy where the burst occurred. They concluded
that the gamma-ray burst occurred near the center of the galaxy in a region
where the galaxy is experiencing its maximum amount of star formation.

“If, as we believe, gamma-ray bursts come from the super-explosions of
massive stars, they can help us trace the star-formation history of the
universe,” Berger said. “The gamma rays from these bursts can penetrate
the dust in star-forming regions and allow us to study galaxies and the
tenuous material between galaxies at great distances,” Berger said. “This
means that gamma-ray bursts may provide a unique tool for studying star
formation at a wide range of distances, and thus for understanding how star
formation rates may have changed through the history of the universe,” he
added.

By studying “starburst” regions of intense star formation in distant
galaxies where gamma-ray bursts have occurred, astronomers can compare
their properties to starburst regions in more-nearby galaxies. The distant
galaxies are seen as they were when much younger than today, so these
comparisons will help astronomers understand how the process of stellar
birth in galaxies may have been affected by the passage of billions of
years.

“Gamma-ray bursts can serve as beacons, pointing us to regions of intense
star formation in very distant galaxies,” Kulkarni said.

“With the planned expansion of the VLA, which will improve dramatically its
ability to detect the host galaxies of these bursts, we will be able to make
even more detailed studies of galaxies even more distant,” said Frail.

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National
Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated
Universities, Inc.

Images to Accompany This Story

* VLA Image of Host Galaxy [131KB]

http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/pr/grbhost3.jpg

* Magnified Image With Crosshairs [12KB]

http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/pr/grbhost1.jpg