The ongoing turmoil inside Jupiter’s missing — and slowly re-emerging — South Equatorial Belt can now be seen in unprecedented detail thanks to the Keck II telescope’s adaptive optics system and the cooperation of the icy Jovian moon Europa. In this newly released Keck image, the gas giant is shown as it looks in thermal infrared (IR) light, at a wavelength of nearly 5 microns (shown in bright red and yellow), overlaid on a composite image of three shorter, near-infrared bands (1.21, 1.58, and 1.65 microns).
“The thermal IR senses breaks in the cloud cover,” said astronomer Mike Wong of the University of California at Berkeley. The thermal IR data is essentially showing heat from Jupiter’s interior being radiated into space. The three other IR bands, in contrast, capture reflected sunlight. Put them all together and compare them to visible light images and scientists get a picture of a thinning, breaking layer of high, bright, icy clouds that have obscured the brown-red South Equatorial Belt (SEB) for about a year, making it look like a wide white zone.
“We see wispy cloud-free regions at 5 microns in the SEB,” said Wong, “But they are much less extensive than the near-infrared dark regions surrounding them. The data show that the change from zone-like to belt-like appearance is a complex process that takes place at different speeds in each layer of Jupiter’s atmosphere.”
The four-band infrared image was created using a clever twist on the Keck II telescope’s adaptive optics, which effectively cancels out much of the interference of Earth’s atmosphere. Normally astronomers use a powerful laser to create an artificial guide star. With that they can monitor Earth’s constantly changing atmosphere and cancel out the distortions at a rate of up to 2,000 times per second.
But Jupiter is so bright that it hides the laser guide star. The astronomers needed something much brighter that was also very close to Jupiter in the sky. On November 30, 2010, the icy Jovian moon Europa was positioned just right to serve that purpose, explained Franck Marchis, also of UC Berkeley and the SETI Institute.
Timing observations right so that Europa makes adaptive optics possible is no easy feat , according to Marchis, and underscores the technical challenges involved in peering into Jupiter’s clouds. Despite many other researchers watching Jupiter’s changing clouds with other telescopes, none, not even the Hubble Space Telescope, is equipped to peer in the 5-micron band with such high resolution. Marchis, Wong, and UC Berkeley astronomer Imke de Pater are involved in a large monitoring program aimed at following up on these rare and mysterious happenings in Jupiter’s atmosphere. They were assisted in their Keck II observations by W. M. Keck Observatory support astronomer Randy Campbell.
Science Contacts: Mike Wong Univ. of Calif., Berkeley +1 510-207-2236 mikewong@astro.berkeley.edu
Franck Marchis Univ. of Calif., Berkeley / SETI Institute +1 510-599-0604 fmarchis@berkeley.edu
Randy Campbell Keck Adaptive Optics +1 808-881-3867 randyc@keck.hawaii.edu
Earlier release on Jupiter’s changing cloud belt: http://keckobservatory.org/news/observations_of_jupiter_reveal_rare_signatures_of_weather/
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The W. M. Keck Observatory (http://keckobservatory.org/) operates two 10-meter optical/infrared telescopes on the summit of Mauna Kea. The twin telescopes feature a suite of advanced instruments including imagers, multi-object spectrographs, high-resolution spectrographs, integral-field spectroscopy, and a world-leading laser guide star adaptive optics system. The Observatory is a private 501(c)3 organization and a scientific partnership of the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and NASA.
