A team from the Centre de recherches pétrographiques et géochimiques
(CRPG/ CNRS – Vandœuvre les Nancy ; Petrographic and Geochemical
Research Center) and the laboratoire de pétrologie, minéralogie,
métallogénie (CNRS – Universités Paris 6 et Paris
7 – Muséum national d’histoire naturelle ; Petrology, Mineralogy
and Metallogeny Laboratory, National Natural History Museum), has deciphered
the diversity of the sources of the nitrogen present on the lunar surface,
employing a method it has been developing. Using static mass spectrometry
coupled with laser extraction and the ims 1270 ion probe, this team has
shown that the sun is not the sole source of the nitrogen deposited on
the moon. This nitrogen originates not only from the solar wind but also
from meteorite or comet material deposited on the moon during impacts.
Although samples of lunar soil were returned to earth 30 years ago, such
analyses have not been possible despite the international efforts of many
laboratories. These results are important both as regards our knowledge
of the sun and as regards the possible sources of nitrogen in the solar
system with respect to the debate on the origin of organic material essential
for the appearance of life.
This work has recently been published in Science.
One of the team, CNRS research director Marc Chaussidon, receives the
regional research prize for the Lorraine region on Thursday November 23rd
in respect of his work on the 1270 ion microprobe, used to study meteorites,
lunar soil and ancient terrestrial samples.
Lunar soil is an accumulation
of debris from meteorites and probably from comets that have fallen onto
our satellite since its creation 4.4 billion years ago. Depending on their
provenance, these soil fragments are of different ages and compositions.
Added to this is fine dust and gases from interstellar space and especially
from the solar wind, which strikes the lunar soil where it becomes embedded.
The moon has registered these extra-terrestrial add-ons since its creation,
while on earth they have been completely erased from the surface due to
erosion and plate tectonic movement.
The moon thus constitutes a unique natural experiment for cosmic irradiation,
cast over geological time.
Analyses carried out over the last three decades have shown that the rare
gases contained in the lunar soil are implanted into the grains constituting
the soil by the sun’s radiation. Their chemical and isotopic composition
is constant and similar to that directly measured in the solar "
wind " (particle radiation). In contrast, an analysis of the nitrogen
in lunar soil has shown a very substantial variability in the isotopic
composition, of the order of 30%. Until now, this variability has been
interpreted as due to a modulation in the sun’s composition over
time, but that does not explain the apparent absence of variation for
rare gases.
The new method developed by the team at CRPG and the Petrology, Mineralogy
and Metallogeny Laboratoy has enabled grain-by-grain analysis of the isotopic
compositions of the rare gases and nitrogen contained in about ten samples
of lunar soil provided to CRPG by NASA to be carried out. This method
has demonstrated the diversity of nitrogen sources present on the lunar
surface: the solar wind on the one hand and meteorite or comet material
on the other hand, added to the Moon during impacts. Analyses carried
out with CRPG’s 1270 ion probe have lifted the veil over these sources.
They provide access to profiles of the variation in isotopic composition
with depth from the surface of lunar grains to the interior, with a resolution
of the order of 10 nanometers. This latter is essential as the relatively
low energy of solar radiation means that it can only penetrate about the
first 50 nanometers of lunar grain thickness. These profiles demonstrate
the presence of solar nitrogen, as it is associated with purely solar
hydrogen, i.e., containing no deuterium. This nitrogen is depleted in
15N (nitrogen isotope 15) by more than 24%, while the grain surface carries
a further nitrogen component enriched in 15N resulting from bombardment
of the moon by micrometeorites or comets. Thus the fine surface film of
a single lunar grain bears witness to external additions to the moon’s
surface.
This discovery has two important implications. Firstly, it can qualify
and quantify the extraterrestrial flux of matter over time. The moon’s
soil bears witness to cosmic bombardment over many epoques and the team
hopes to reconstruct previous bombardment rates. Such a bombardment has,
of course, also affected the Earth, but at a higher intensity since the
Earth’s surface is larger. This bombardment may have been a vector
for elements essential to the development of life on Earth (volatile elements
such as water, carbon, nitrogen and organic material) and its quantification
is clearly very important. In addition, the great heterogeneity of nitrogen
isotopes in the solar system implies the transport of material on a solar
system scale, which would have enabled exchange between the central regions
such as that where the Earth was formed, and the outermost regions where
lower temperature phases such as organic material were most probably to
be found.
Space probe measurements of the solar wind are, of course, very important
in this context and will enable these discoveries to be confirmed or otherwise.
Results from the SOHO European probe suggest enrichment of the solar wind
in 15N, while those from the team at CRPG and the Petrology, Mineralogy
and Metallogeny Laboratory indicate a depletion with respect to planetary
nitrogen. These measurements will have to be carried out again with greater
accuracy. Determination of the isotopic nitrogen composition in the solar
wind constitutes one of the major aims of a future NASA Discovery mission
known as Genesis. A further method for determining the composition of
solar gases is to analyse the atmosphere of gas giants such as Jupiter,
the atmospheres of which were directly captured from gas from the solar
nebula. 4 years ago, the Galileo mission sent a mass spectrometer into
Jupiter’s atmosphere to measure its composition. The Galileo mission
team is publishing fresh analyses of the nitrogen composition, which are
completely compatible with those carried out by CRPG, since their measurements
indicate a 15N depletion of 36% in Jupiter’s atmosphere while the
team from the CRPG and the Petrology, Mineralogy and Metallogeny Laboratory
have fixed their lower limit at 24%.
Reference:
Solar wind record on the Moon : Contrasting nitrogen isotopic composition
of protosolar gas and planetary bodies by K. Hashizume, M. Chaussidon,
B. Marty et F. Robert, Science, 11th November 2000, vol 290, pp.
1142-1145.
Research contact: INSU-CNRS contact: Press contact:
Bernard Marty and Marc Chaussidon
Centre de recherches pétrographiques et géochimiques
(CRPG/ CNRS – Vandœuvre les Nancy)
Tel : +33 3 83 59 42 14
e-mail: bmarty@crpg.cnrs-nancy.fr
e-mail: chocho@crpg.cnrs-nancy.fr
Christiane Grappin
Tel: +33 1 44 96 43 37
e-mail: christiane.grappin@cnrs-dir.fr
Carine Noël
Tel: +33 1 44 96 46 06
e-mail: carine.noel@cnrs-dir.fr
