Space is one of the most demanding and unforgiving environments. Human exploration of space requires astronauts to maintain consistently high levels of cognitive performance to ensure mission safety and success, and prevent potential errors and accidents. Despite the importance of cognitive performance for mission success, little is known about how cognition is affected by prolonged spaceflight, and what aspects of cognition are primarily affected.
Now, Penn Medicine researchers are poised to help the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) close this knowledge gap. They have developed a cognitive test battery, known as Cognition, for the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) to measure the impact of typical spaceflight stressors (like microgravity, radiation, confinement and isolation, exposure to elevated levels of CO2, and sleep loss) on cognitive performance. This computer-based test has already been tested by astronauts on Earth. It will be performed for the first time in a pilot study on the International Space Station (ISS) on November 28.
The Penn team, led by Mathias Basner, MD, PhD, MSc, assistant professor of sleep and chronobiology in Psychiatry, David F. Dinges, PhD, professor and chief, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, and Ruben C. Gur, PhD, professor of Psychology, Director of Neuropsychology, the Brain Behavior Laboratory, and the Center for Neuroimaging in Psychiatry, developed Cognition as a brief and sensitive computerized neurocognitive test battery for spaceflight. With its 10 tests, it is more comprehensive than NASA’s current test battery.
“Cognition addresses, among other areas, spatial orientation, emotion recognition, and risk decision making, which we believe are essential for the success of exploration-type space missions,” said Basner.
The team chose tests with well-validated testing principles and whose link to cerebral networks has already been established with functional neuroimaging, such as MRI. The tests were then optimized for astronauts.
“We know that astronauts are highly motivated and usually outperform the general population,” said Basner. “The difficulty of the tests therefore had to be tailored to astronauts, to avoid both boredom and frustration.”
The team generated 15 unique versions of the 10 tests to allow for repeated administration in spaceflight.
Cognition is currently administered through a series of tasks via laptops and tablets. Penn researchers were recently tasked to generate a Standardized Behavioral Measures Tool for NASA’s Behavioral Health and Performance program that will include Cognition.
The three Penn study authors are also participating with Cognition in a NASA effort reported earlier this year tostudy the molecular, physiological and psychological effects of spaceflight on the human body by comparing identical twins, evidencing the need for a comprehensive cognitive test battery for spaceflight.
The other Penn researchers involved in the effort include Raquel E. Gur, MD, PhD, Allison Port, Sarah McGuire, PhD, Jad Nasrini, Adam Savitt, and Tyler Moore, PhD.
Graham Scott, PhD, NSBRI’s Chief Scientist, noted that “long duration, deep space missions will undoubtedly challenge astronaut crew members in unexpected ways – including testing their emotional and psychosocial resilience and unconditional teamwork. Neurobehavioral risks to the crew and mission can be mitigated by developing, testing and deploying highly sensitive and specific tools, such as Cognition.”
The study was supported by the National Space Biomedical Research Institute through NASA NCC 9-58, NASA through NNX14AH98G, NNX14AH27G, NNX14AM81G, NIH through R01NR00428, the Office of Naval Research through N00014-11-1-0361, and the McDonnell Foundation.
About Penn Medicine:
Penn Medicine is one of the world’s leading academic medical centers, dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and excellence in patient care. Penn Medicine consists of the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (founded in 1765 as the nation’s first medical school) and the University of Pennsylvania Health System, which together form a $4.3 billion enterprise.
The Perelman School of Medicine has been ranked among the top five medical schools in the United States for the past 17 years, according to U.S. News & World Report‘s survey of research-oriented medical schools. The School is consistently among the nation’s top recipients of funding from the National Institutes of Health, with$392 million awarded in the 2013 fiscal year.
The University of Pennsylvania Health System’s patient care facilities include: The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania — recognized as one of the nation’s top “Honor Roll” hospitals by U.S. News & World Report; Penn Presbyterian Medical Center; Chester County Hospital; Penn Wissahickon Hospice; and Pennsylvania Hospital — the nation’s first hospital, founded in 1751. Additional affiliated inpatient care facilities and services throughout the Philadelphia region include Chestnut Hill Hospital and Good Shepherd Penn Partners, a partnership between Good Shepherd Rehabilitation Network and Penn Medicine.
Penn Medicine is committed to improving lives and health through a variety of community-based programs and activities. In fiscal year 2013, Penn Medicine provided $814 million to benefit our community.
About NSBRI:
Established in 1997 through a NASA competition, NSBRI is headquartered at Baylor College of Medicine, in the Texas Medical Center and is a consortium of twelve leading biomedical institutions. NSBRI, a 501(c) (3) organization partnered with NASA, is studying the health risks related to long-duration spaceflight and developing the technologies and countermeasures needed for human space exploration missions. The Institute’s science, technology and career development projects take place at approximately 60 institutions across the United States. For more information, please visit www.nsbri.org.
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