Washington
—


Six years after President John F. Kennedy’s assassination, the Apollo 11 crew landed on the Moon, fulfilling




his promise to put an American




there by the end of the decade and return him safely to Earth.





More than 500 million people from around the world watched as commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin exited the Eagle lunar module and stepped onto the surface of the Moon. In those moments Armstrong’s verbal miscue – “That’s one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind” – were ingrained in the American psyche.

Apollo 11, with Aldrin, Armstrong and command module commander Michael Collins aboard, was launched by




a Saturn 5 rocket July 16








as a multitude of dignitaries and media looked on. Seventy-six hours after liftoff the crew was in lunar orbit, and 24




hours after that, the Eagle detached from the Columbia command module.



Collins remained on Columbia.

Concerned as Eagle descended onto a football field-sized crater, Armstrong manually steered the lander away and touched down safely in another part of the Sea of Tranquility.

During their 2.5-hour




Moon walk, Aldrin and Armstrong planted an American flag, ran scientific tests and collected 21.6 kilograms of rock and soil. They carried communications and life support equipment that weighed only 6.4 kilograms on the Moon’s lesser gravity.

The pair returned aboard Eagle and rejoined Columbia after about 22 hours on the Moon.

Apollo 11 safely splashed down in the Pacific Ocean July 24, 434 kilometers away from its original landing site to avoid a storm.

After being quarantined, the astronauts were celebrated with a plethora of parades and personal appearances.



Beyond the merits of its technical triumphs, the lunar landing was an achievement of management and logistics. Overall, the Apollo project was one of the United States’ most expensive endeavors costing $25.4 billion. It compares to the Manhattan Project and the digging of the Panama Canal for scope.

But the true significance of the first Moon landing was that it gave a nation dredged in the midst of war abroad and sociopolitical upheaval at home a reason to be proud.

Kennedy’s commitment to the Moon landing was driven by the desire to alter the perception of the




United States being second to the Soviet Union in the space race. But changing that perception also began to change the reality of the United States, not only as the leader in space, but in science in general.