In early 2003, Comet Kudo-Fujikawa (C/2002 X5) zipped past the
Sun at a distance half that of Mercury’s orbit. Astronomers Matthew Povich and
John Raymond (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) and colleagues
studied Kudo-Fujikawa during its close passage. Today at the 203rd meeting of
the American Astronomical Society in Atlanta, they announced that they observed
the comet puffing out huge amounts of carbon, one of the key elements for life.
The comet also emitted large amounts of water vapor as the Sun’s heat baked its
outer surface.

When combined with previous observations suggesting the presence of evaporating
comets near young stars like Beta Pictoris and old stars like CW Leonis, these
data show that stars of all ages vaporize comets that swing too close. Those
observations also show that planetary systems like our own, complete with a
collection of comets, likely are common throughout space.

"Now we can draw parallels between a comet close to home and cometary activity
surrounding the star Beta Pictoris, which just might have newborn planets
orbiting it. If comets are not unique to our Sun, then might not the same be
true for Earth-like planets?" says Povich.

SOHO Sees Carbon

The team’s observations, reported in the December 12, 2003, issue of the journal
Science, were made with the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS)
instrument on board NASA’s Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft.
UVCS can only study a small slice of the sky at one time. By holding the
spectrograph slit steady and allowing the comet to drift past, the team was able
to assemble the slices into a full, two-dimensional picture of the comet.

The UVCS data revealed a dramatic tail of carbon ions streaming away from the
comet, generated by evaporating dust. The instrument also captured a spectacular
‘disconnection event,’ in which a piece of the ion tail broke off and drifted
away from the comet. Such events are relatively common, occurring when the comet
passes through a region of space where the Sun’s magnetic field switches
direction.

Cometary Building Blocks

More remarkable than the morphology of the carbon ion tail was its size. A
single snapshot of Kudo-Fujikawa on one day showed that its ion tail contained
at least 200 million pounds of doubly ionized carbon. The tail likely held more
than 1.5 billion pounds of carbon in all forms.

"That’s a massive amount of carbon, weighing as much as five supertankers," says
Raymond.

Povich adds, "Now, consider that astronomers see evidence for comets like this
around newly formed stars like Beta Pictoris. If such stars have comets, then
perhaps they have planets, too. And if extrasolar comets are similar to comets
in our solar system, then the building blocks for life may be quite common."
Understanding Our Origins

In 2001, researcher Gary Melnick (CfA) and colleagues found evidence for comets
in a very different system surrounding the aging red giant star CW Leonis. The
Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) detected huge clouds of water
vapor released by a Kuiper Belt-like swarm of comets which are evaporating under
the giant’s relentless heat.

"Taken together, the observations of comets around young stars like Beta
Pictoris, middle-aged stars like our Sun, and old stars like CW Leonis
strengthen the connection between our solar system and extrasolar planetary
systems. By studying our own neighborhood, we hope to learn not only about our
origins, but about what we might find out there orbiting other stars," says
Raymond.

Other co-authors on the Science paper reporting these findings are Geraint Jones

(JPL), Michael Uzzo and Yuan-Kuen Ko (CfA), Paul Feldman (Johns Hopkins), Peter
Smith and Brian Marsden (CfA), and Thomas Woods (University of Colorado).
Headquartered in Cambridge, Mass., the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics is a joint collaboration between the Smithsonian Astrophysical
Observatory and the Harvard College Observatory. CfA scientists, organized into
six research divisions, study the origin, evolution and ultimate fate of the
universe.

Note to Editors:

An image to accompany this release is online at:
http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/press/pr0401image.html