NASA’s Mercury-bound MESSENGER spacecraft – less than three months from an Earth flyby that will slingshot it toward the inner solar system – successfully tested its main camera by snapping distant approach shots of Earth and the Moon.

MESSENGER took a set of six pictures on May 11 with the narrow-angle camera in its Mercury Dual Imaging System, or MDIS. Earth was about 18.4 million miles (29.6 million kilometers) from MESSENGER at the time, but the main processed image clearly shows bands of clouds between North and South America on Earth’s sunlit side. The image is cropped from the full MDIS image size of 1024×1024 pixels, and the contrast has been adjusted slightly to bring out the Moon in the same frame. The Moon was 248,898 miles (400,563 kilometers) from Earth.

Dr. S. Edward Hawkins III, lead engineer for MDIS at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Md., said finding the Moon in the pictures was an unexpected bonus. “As we stretched the image we saw this little object to the side, which turned out to be the Moon,” he said. “That was exciting.”

One of seven instruments in MESSENGER’s science payload, the multispectral MDIS has wide- and narrow-angle imagers, both based on charge-coupled devices (CCDs) found in common digital cameras. MDIS has taken nearly 400 test shots since MESSENGER launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station last Aug. 3, but all were of star fields, dark space or a calibration target on MESSENGER’s lower deck. “The team is elated,” says Dr. Louise M. Prockter, MDIS instrument lead scientist at APL. “These were our first ‘real’ images, and they’re only going to get better as MESSENGER moves closer to Earth.”

The photo session was just part of the preparations for the Aug. 2 Earth flyby, the first major adjustment to MESSENGER’s flight path toward Mercury. While MDIS took its pictures, the Mercury Laser Altimeter team at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland checked its instrument’s alignment by firing a high-powered laser at it from a ground-based Goddard telescope. The mission operations and science teams are also finalizing plans to calibrate several instruments – including the Magnetometer, Energetic Particle and Plasma Spectrometer, and Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer – during approach and departure observations of Earth and the Moon. Closest approach will bring MESSENGER 1,458 miles (2,347 kilometers) over northern Asia; observers with small telescopes in Japan, Eurasia and Africa will have the best chance to spot the spacecraft.

During a 4.9-billion mile (7.9-billion kilometer) journey that includes 15 trips around the Sun, MESSENGER will fly past Earth once, Venus twice and Mercury three times before easing into orbit around its target planet. The upcoming Earth flyby and the Venus flybys, in October 2006 and June 2007, will use the pull of the planets’ gravity to guide MESSENGER toward Mercury’s orbit. The Mercury flybys in January 2008, October 2008 and September 2009 help MESSENGER match the planet’s speed and location for an orbit insertion maneuver in March 2011. The flybys also allow the spacecraft to gather data critical to planning a yearlong orbit phase.

MESSENGER, short for MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging, is the seventh mission in NASA’s Discovery Program of lower cost, scientifically focused exploration projects. Dr. Sean C. Solomon, of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, leads the mission as principal investigator. APL manages the mission for NASA, built MESSENGER and operates the spacecraft.

Taken May 11, 2005, this processed image comes from the narrow-angle camera of the Mercury Dual Imaging System, or MDIS, on NASA’s MESSENGER spacecraft. Earth was about 18.4 million miles (29.6 million kilometers) from MESSENGER at the time, but the image clearly shows bands of clouds between North and South America on Earth’s sunlit side. The photo has been cropped from the full MDIS image size of 1024 by 1024 pixels, and the contrast adjusted to bring out the Moon in the same frame. (The Moon is actually much darker than the Earth – click here for an image showing true, relative brightness.)

The Moon was 248,898 miles (400,563 kilometers) from Earth at the time of the image. The photo session was just part of the preparations for MESSENGER’s gravity assist flyby of Earth on Aug. 2 – the first major adjustment to MESSENGER’s flight path toward Mercury. MESSENGER was launched on Aug. 3, 2004; after the Earth flyby, two flybys of Venus and three of Mercury, it will begin an unprecedented, yearlong science orbit around the innermost planet in March 2011.

Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Click here for an image without Earth/Moon labels.

This computer-generated image simulates the view of Earth and the Moon as MESSENGER’s Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) saw them while taking test photos on May 11, 2005. Earth’s orbit plane – known as the ecliptic – divides the top and bottom halves of the image.

The MESSENGER Mission Design Team created the image using the Satellite Tool Kit software, developed by Analytical Graphics, Inc.

Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington.